CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

Two principle readings are provided in the literature ( Parker and Mathews,2001 ) sing the satisfaction of client. In ( Oliver, 1980 ; Churchill and Suprenant, 1992 ; Bearden and Teel, 1983 ; Oliver and Desarbo, 1988 ) , the construct of client satisfaction has been defined as the rating of opinion and buying determination of the client. ( Oliver, 1997 ) provides a really comparative theoretical account that is accepted at a really broad degree of research workers and donees. It illustrates the satisfaction as a map of disconfirmation.

From the client ‘s point of position, they need a meeting of their perceptual experience of services and outlook harmonizing to the literature in ( Paker and Mathews, 2001 ) . In recent literatures, client position can be described in two ways. Though the cognitive procedures can impact the satisfaction degrees of the client but besides the development of affectional procedures can assist in the account of their satisfaction ( Fornell and Wernerfelt, 1987 ) . Second, the client satisfaction can non be based on transaction-specific phenomenon. Alternatively, it should be based on the observation sing the merchandise specific experience.

Harmonizing to different literatures, observations and analysis, the satisfaction of client can be regarded as the enjoyable feelings that might ensue due to the public presentation comparing of a merchandise with his outlooks ( Kotler, 2003 ) . The procedure of satisfaction is in concurrence with certain concern standards refering its offered services, the procedure of gross revenues and after gross revenues support. Satisfaction of the consumer is besides dependent on the public presentation of merchandises or services in relation to the consumer ‘s ain outlooks. Customer ‘s outlooks are besides formed by their purchasing experience, advice by their friends and associates and the information provided by the rivals in the market ( Kotler, 2000 ) .

It should be noted that entire client value, client demands and entire client costs are some of the really of import factors that determine the range of consumer outlooks. Some analysis and studies focus on the fact that taking any peculiar merchandise or service is merely one of assorted phases clients go through. The purchaser ‘s characteristics besides influence the determination of geting any merchandise or service. These features can be the societal or personal. Though cultural and psychological belongingss of the consumers besides impact on the determination of purchase. In ( chaston, 2001 ) , it has been illustrated that the five periods through which the purchasing procedure is developed are acknowledgment, seeking and information assemblage, rating of the acquired information, the determination of buying, and the rating of merchandise after it has been acquired.

One of the of import phases is the information probe that has a direct impact of client ‘s determination of buying a peculiar merchandise. Information hunt is straight propotional to the hazard of purchase in a sense that if the hazard of purchase additions, so the client ‘s strength of information assemblage additions ( Jihye Park, 2005 ) .

There is no uncertainty in that the buyers might jump some of the phases but the major point of concern is that they have to go through through these five phases in a consecutive order. Harmonizing to literature in ( Hubert Rampersad, 2001 ) , it is non compulsory what the company thinks a consumer wants is same as what it thinks it has to offer. Besides, it is non necessary that the manner in which client experiences is non similar to what the client really wants.

Well, client satisfaction has been a subject of great argument and different writers have developed different point of concerns to explicate the ways to better the satisfaction degrees among consumers. In order to invariably better the experiences of clients and develop better consumer satisfaction, there should be a feedback procedure theoretical account that comprises of listening to consumer feedback and analyzing their positions, so taking actions in order to carry through their demands.

To hold a changeless betterment and thorough consumer satisfaction phenomenal on the job conditions are needed because such conditions bring forth the satisfied employees ensuing in increased trueness that is followed by effectual production and serves. This finally consequences high consumer satisfaction in doing them loyal and increasing the net incomes and retaining clients. This construct is better illustrated in the undermentioned figure:

WHAT AND HOW WE NEED TO ACCESS

An appropriate and valuable technique to measure the degree of consumer satisfaction in any organisation can be through the feedback provided by the consumers. This can be the debatable calls made to the client services section, emails sent for ailment declarations and the frequence of merchandise returns ( Werth, 2002 ) .

Though, the fact is that this is the measuring of dissatisfaction alternatively of consumer ‘s satisfaction echelon. Suitable informations assemblage and its analysis is really important for companies as effectual informations analysis can supply relevant statistics of consumer satisfaction. The major concern in this methodological analysis is that misunderstandings might go on that would take to irrelevant scrutiny and wrongly conclude the client ‘s outlooks and demands ( Kekale, 2001 ) . A suited manner of making such dislocation is that clients should specify the standard for the measuring of their contentment. ( Hill, 2996 ) elaborates the piece of grounds that providers are far near to the realisation of existent client demands and have minimum apprehension of their chief concerns. In order to allow the existent penetration and observation on the market needs, the solution is to extinguish irrelevant information so that the existent dimensions can be focussed with concentration.

A histogram can be used for the rating of which we will accomplish by pre-study. The form of histogram elaborates how the inquiries are understood by respondents. Pre-studies can be used by the companies in order to measure their created questionnaires so that new and improved questionnaires can be created. If the clients demands outlooks are found out, these can be translated into merchandise characteristics utilizing QFD methodological analysis ( for case ) .

There are besides assorted and legion attacks in order to look into and analyze the client satisfaction and its measuring. Another attack for the measuring of client satisfaction is illustrated in the undermentioned figure:

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND ONLINE Shopping

Five ancestors sing consumer satisfaction that have been acknowledged as appropriate for online shopping over cyberspace are described in ( Ho and Wu, 1999 ) . Those five intecedents are provided in the below diagram:

In account to the above provided theoretical account, the writers have explained the logistic support as the agencies of supplying channels for pass oning to achieve a reponse to consumer ‘s demands, efficient bringing of merchandises and after gross revenues services. Technical features reflect the handiness of web installations and good kept up information systems to keep client history, dealing inside informations ( Customer relationship direction systems in other words ) . Other factors are considered self explanatory in this study.

METHODS OF MEASURING CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

There have been assorted methodological analysiss that are used as research techniques in order to analyze, buttocks and step the degree of client satisfaction. These are:

Focus groups for the intent of analyzing issues related to consumer satisfaction

Standardized bundles in order to supervise client satisfaction

Computer package and tele studies

Survey methodological analysiss

Though every technique has its ain advantages but some jobs are besides associated with these typical methodological analysiss such as studies, focal point groups and client packages. There jobs are as follows:

Organizational issues: these issues are related to the construction of organisation, the flow of informations, the manner of disposal and direction every bit good as corporate environment.

Behavioral Issues: These jobs are associated with the perceptual experiences, attitude and the apprehension of capable by the participants and involved people

Analytic issues: These are concerned with the formal techniques, processs and the systems used for peculiar methodological analysiss.

CYBER ORGANIZATIONS AND CUSOTMER SATISFACTIONS

Cyber infinite or cyberspace has grown really quickly and has provided a platform to present different mechanisms to get by with modern economic concerns by presenting the construct of digital economic system on a practical environment. As in the literature provided in ( Cox and Dale, 2001 ) , e-business is the nomenclature to lucubrate the displacement of paradigm to competitiveness along with the staff and client satisfaction for the intent of accomplishing long term success. Surveies and different research by legion research workers have come to a decision that the cyber universe and the edification in development of e-commerce are drastically come oning on a really planetary graduated table therefore supplying a competitory platform regardless of any specific part or locality. Due to its low cost characteristic, the cyberspace is supplying a platform where the importance of client satisfaction can non be ignored. Reports of ( Caruso, 2000 ) illustrate the fact that the innovation of new platforms for gross coevals is non every bit of import as the criticalness of improved client satisfaction and healthy competitory environment ( Dalton, 1999 ) . Another beginning ( Heskett et al. , 1994 ) has emphasized that to accomplish a comprehensive fiscal public presentation, client satisfaction is one of the really important and this is precisely the same phenomena that is proved right for e-commerce where a client can be lost if the web site is unaccessible or if consumer faces proficient troubles as this adds or client ‘s dissatisfaction. From the observations and literature study, it is concluded that the manner concern are operated will be changed perceptibly in the really close hereafter. Another piece of literature in ( Ody, 2000 ) focuses on the analytical logical thinking that why the clients go on-line in order to purchase a merchandise or service. Some literature illustrates the construct that the sensitiveness for fast and efficient services has been increased by the usage of cyberspace as the shopping sphere ( Ziff-Davies, 2000 ) .

The figure shown below is used to show the client focussed matrix for cyber companies. Y-axis is used for the contact frequence of the consumer while the x-axis shows the client focal point degree. tactical picks is a really important factor on which client focal point relies. Customer satisfaction of highest height can be attained where the client contact and focal point are at highest degree.

QUALITY OF SERVICE ; FACTORS AND DIMENSIONS

( Lehtinen, 1982 ) and other writers have taken two facets of service quality in consideration. These dimensions are said to be technical/ end product quality and functional or process quality. Czepiel et Al. has non merely identified the procedure dimensions but in add-on it has spotted three farther dimensions related to service run intoing marks, client perceptual experience analysis and characteristics of suppliers. Important characteristics and determiners of satisfaction were covered by these dimensions.

Four facets of quality that have an impact of consumer satisfaction have been explained in ( Edwards boy et al. , 1989 ) . These are:

Techinical

Functional

Integaral

Outcome quality

First refers to the personal accomplishments and design edification of the enforced system. In e-commerce, it is concealed and can non be of all time assessed by the consumers. Functional facet of quality refers to the fact the how services and merchandises are delivered. Third aspect known as built-in quality reflects the fact that how different parts of the system are design to run together. As an illustration of e-commerce, it can be a instance where the client places an order on the web site and the manner the payment process is handled firmly without the cognition of client and so the manner order is rendered for bringing. The concluding facet of this construct is the result quality which refers to the meeting of marks and services of quality and run intoing the consumer ‘s demands and demands. This is true in instance of e-commerce every bit much as for concern in the existent word. The chance of client non purchasing on a merchandise online is more than the existent universe as it is more convenient for the user to snap on the rivals ‘ web site and happen better trades straight off. Literature in ( Parasuraman et al. 1985 ) elaborates the fact and emphasizes on the issues through which clients are likely to measure the quality of service provided by organisations. Ten determiners identified by the writers are civility, dependability, unity, secureness, tangibles, consumer apprehension, effectual communicating, easiness of entree, and competence.

Credibility refers to an appraisal that can be made before utilizing a service and this has the same significance in e-commerce applications. In general, any consumer would do a dealing merely if there has been some sort of recommendation from valid beginnings. These beginnings may be effectual advertizements, societal circles or by word of oral cavity. In the cyber universe where the likeliness of instruction rabble is high, the security is one of the most important determiners of all. Customers are really improbable to pay on the web sites that are insecure. This besides has a direct impact of client keeping and satisfaction. By doing the web sites secure, organisations motivate clients to supply recognition card and payment inside informations without concern of acquiring conned. Other determiners provided in that literature are besides really much relevant to the e-commerce market topographic point. Their importance can non be ignored in either existent or cyber market topographic point. One of the of import factor is the web site ‘s handiness. It should non be holding any unfastened or close timing and must be available for 20 four hours a twenty-four hours and 365 yearss a twelvemonth. Besides, to understand a client, a clever web site has cookies which recognize the repetition forms among the clients and their involvements by utilizing the cookies and promote users to register via their electronic mail references so that the offers and other deals are sent to them via electronic mails or phones. The aim of making so is to run into the client ‘s demands and supply a manner of customization and personalization for better user experience and hence increasing the service quality and bettering client satisfaction. It should be noted that the communicating on internet is a ambitious undertaking due to the ground that it frequently is a one manner communicating way. Therefore, the web sites for market topographic points need to be designed in an intelligent manner so that they can get by with their demands. Courtesy and competence are the determiners that are said to be some of the most ambitious and important of all as they are about out of being on e-commerce. Customers that use the web site due to the easiness of usage can non judge the official forces behind the scene as they are wholly incognizant of it.

Another research work done in ( Johnson et al. 1990 ) resulted in 12 determiners as a consequence of transporting out research in UK ‘s service organisations utilizing empirical informations analysis. These determiners were really much similar to that of described above.

CONCEPTULIZATION OF E-SERVICE

As illustrated earlier in this subdivision, the perceptual experience of service quality harmonizing to the user experience has two dimensions. Harmonizing to some text in ( Berry and Parasuraman, 1991 ) these two dimensions are known to be 1 ) procedure and 2 ) result dimension. In other texts like ( GroEnroos, 1990 ) , a distinguishable attack has been taken that considers the accent on proficient and functional qualities as good. The functional quality is about the manner services are delivered and the proficient quality illustrates that what is being received by the consumer. In other words, the proficient quality may besides mention to the benefits of utilizing the service that has been delivered. In some literatures, like GroEnroos et Al. ( 2000 ) it has been noted that the distinction between back uping services and the facilitating services that are normally really much connected with the nucleus services. As an illustration for a book marketer that sells its books online, the auxiliary services might be the installations to seek for the books, the archives associated with the bills and the methods used for carry throughing payment processs. The external reappraisals sing the quality of available books and their evaluations can be sing as the supporting services. Besides, it should be noted that as the merchandises related to other ascertained merchandises are independant and are no the nucleus services offered by the web site of bookseller.

In literature like ( Szymanski and Hise ) , some signifiers of self-contained merchandises are besides referred as complementary in order to separate them from auxiliary services. As we know, auxiliary services are those that may add value to the nucleus services while the complementary services are those that are self contained and have no impact on nucleus services. But in concurrence, these services might add value to the overall concern portal. The functionality and serviceability are the services that constitute the user interface of that peculiar concern portal. When we combine these types of services i.e. nucleus, complementary and auxiliary, we can mention this whole set as what clients might have and see. The facilitating services describe the “ how ” portion i.e. how these services are really delivered to the consumer.

There has been a batch of argument on the reading of the auxiliary services. Often companies wrongly use such services without analysing what types of services are really needed by the consumers. There is no uncertainty in that the consumers are more satisfied if auxiliary services are offered to them. But thorough probe and information analysis is needed in order to supply these services in an efficient manner so that they can add value to the concern. For case, if these services are provided to all the users without aiming them and offered without any favoritism, the value added by these services can be minimized ( Anderson and Narus, 1995 ) . In order to procedure and analyse client ‘s demands and outlooks and developing the supplementary and complementary services consequently, high costs are associated with it due to which this phenomena becomes more of import so that they can heighten the chance of client satisfaction and loyality.

An online concern portal is capable of act uponing the clients if the services are designed and implemented suitably. In such manner, the client perceptual experience would be that the services offered by any specific and subjected concern theoretical account are much more better than those provided by its rivals. This sort of attack and reading would ensue in high client satisfaction, increased trueness and frequent recommendations in clients ‘ societal sphere.

Quality OF E-SERVICES

Online concern portal design and care harmonizing to consumer ‘s demands and demands can be a really complex undertaking. To minimise the complexness associated with it, this composite undertaking can be sub categorized into smaller lupus erythematosus complex procedures. These comparatively simpler procedures can be information retrieval and exchange, article analysis and telling books on-line, etc. These procedures and constituents can be farther explained via the processs and related results and can be farther analyzed. As an illustration, we might see a hunt engine. From hunt engine ‘s position, clients may be satisfied by its rapid response and faster processing but might non be satisfied with the fulfillment of hunt standard. An unsatisfactory result of any procedure has a direct impact on consumer ‘s overall satisfaction degree and effects its trueness with a peculiar online concern portal. It should be noted that clients are improbable to measure all the sub-processes in item and would non measure their result every clip. Customers normally notice any defect as an overall service grade and see the system as a whole without traveling deeper into the inside informations of processed.

Any e-service ‘s double dimension theoretical account can be split up into more quality specific dimensions. ( paramsuraman et Al. 1988 ) depict the most good known and extremely acknowledged five dimension theoretical account for this pupose ( SERVQUAL theoretical account ) . Those dimensions are credibleness, apprehension, tangibleness, confidence and sensitiveness. ( Parasuraman and Grewal, 2000 ) have suggested in their literature that intense research is needed to research the fact that if the relevancy and significance of these dimensions are altered when the consumers intermingle with the engineering alternatively of forces. As these dimensions have been developed from interpersonal observations, therefore their descriptions have to be redesigned so that they can be applicable in e-commerce environment and e-services. As an illustration, the dimension named tangibleness can be replaced and redesigned as a user interface. Dependability can besides be reformulated in order to see the bringing clip and service ratings of ordered goods. Evaluation, significance and application of these dimensions may diverge from instance to instance for different e-services. For case, in instance of a hunt engine, consumers expect high reactivity do non underscore on security of fiscal minutess but on other manus, for a concern portal rapid reactivity is non a major issue but clients should anticipate higher security for fiscal minutess.

E-SERVICE QUALITY MEASUREMENT

The construct of e-services and e-commerce is acquiring much more of import in today ‘s universe as it provides greater dependability, easiness of usage, and clip efficiency to the users. There are a figure of concerns for the concern functionaries and are in the procedure of changeless ascent to get by up with the market rivals. Measurement of service quality is a major concern and is in its early phases for the web portals. The resistless bulk of measuring graduated tables have been developed by companies or confer withing houses that sell graduated tables to concerns. These measurement graduated tables are ad hoc and have non been verified or validated which cause hapless managerial determinations. Research workers that belong to academes have taken stairss frontward to farther work in this country but the graduated tables for capturing the dimensions in reliable manner have non been published yet. When the directors and other concern forces of single companies try to better e-services without proof this leads to confusion as they might non cognize that what are the existent demands, demands and demands of consumers. Therefore, client ‘s point of position and their reading about what and how they really need is every bit much crucial as other dimensions and properties ( Valarie A. Zeithaml, 2002 ) .

Different writers including Zeithmal, Parsu and Arvind have done intense research in order to concentrate on the measuring of e-services ‘ quality and finding the relevant dimensions and properties for the cause. These writers have used procedures that were based on three phases in which they explored focal point groups. These focal point groups were so followed by the other two stages of empirical informations aggregation and its intense analysis in order to accomplish the set mark. The research undertaken by these writers refer to the fact that there are seven considerable dimensions to mensurate the quality of e-service that signifier two graduated tables. These graduated tables are viz. nucleus and recovery. Four of the seven dimensions are used to organize nucleus graduated table which is used to find client ‘s ain perceptual experience of quality service. These dimensions are credibleness, fulfillment, privateness and efficiency. All of these dimensions are those which clients want chiefly to be considered while purchasing over on-line concern portals. The other three dimensions form the recovery graduated table and these dimensions become important when consumers face issues and run into jobs while utilizing the services on on-line portals ( reactivity, contact, and compensation ) .

INTERNET MARKETING/ADVERTISING AND ITS SUCCESS

Modern literature on on-line selling and cyberspace advertisement thrive with the concepts theoretically and besides the empirical surveies can be seen that examine comprehensive series of factors important for successful online selling runs. Before we proceed with the account of the involved factors, it is of import to convey forth the important steps that have been implemented in these research works to quantify the effectivity of on-line selling.

Selling EFFECTIVENESS AND ITS QUANTIFICATION

Harmonizing to ( Pavlou and Steward, 2000 ) , archetypical research hypothesis when probe of advertisement effectivity is done involves forced exposure to advertisement message and consumer response. This paradigm considers the fact that the online selling and advertizement has a direct impact on consumers and therefore the selling procedure is measured as an independent variable while the consumer response is a dependent variable. Writers have emphasized on the fact that these premises are comparatively simpler in today ‘s complicated environment where online portal are comprehensively used for on-line selling. It should be noted that the environment has become extremely synergistic due to the usage of on-line context and other extra factors must be considered in order to set about appropriate research and analyze the impact of advertisement and its effectivity. This attack will finally supply a more insight to the cause of survey.

There have been a series of operational and functional steps adopted for quantification of advertisement and selling runs. Common operational steps vary from the naif figure of caricatures or exposures ( figure of times an ad was displayed to users ) to the extensively reputable Click Through Rate ( CTR, ratio of the figure of click-through to the figure of feelings ) . CTR is a factor that has been widely acknowledged to mensurate the modus operandi and public presentation of on-line selling and advertizements. Yet, there has been a steadfast rejection in the reported CTR degrees through the old old ages ; The declined CTR statistics ( estimated to be under 0.5 % ) have been largely accredited to the world that on-line consumer shun looking at the ad content during browse ( Dreze and Hussherr, 2003 ) .

A comparatively classy gage of on-line ad effectivity is ‘the figure of station feelings ‘ that is the sum of visits to a web site, after disclosure to an cyberspace advertizement, without snaping through the advertizement ( Rettie et al. , 2004 ) . This rating incarcerates both the expressed public presentation of the ad content and the concealed effects that this content may hold on the on-line client. On the other manus, post-impressions are hard to follow and overlook a few characteristics of advertisement effectivity, for illustration the attitudes of clients towards the marketed trade name.

Due to the above mentioned grounds ( i.e. CTR rejection and complexness in tracking post-impressions ) , conventional memory-based procedures of marketing effectivity have been revitalized in the model of cyberspace selling. Such steps imitate the attitudinal reaction of on-line patronage to the advertizements exhibited to them. As per the text illustration in ( Dreze and Hussherr, 2003 ) , Unaided and aided callback, trade name acknowledgment purchase marks, every bit good as purchase consideration sets ( Yoo, 2008 ) are appropriate methods for step the impact of on-line ads to the client, presuming that some incognizant ad processing occurs during the pre-attentive web site showing ( Shapiro et al. , 1997 ) . Yoo ( 2008 ) distinguishes among expressed and inexplicit memory and notes the different channels that are appropriate to mensurate the impact of web advertisement on them.

Priming research comprises a notable group of ad effectivity quantifications ( Grimes and Kitchen, 2007 ) . Priming refers to the exposure of person to some old incident / goad, the premier that marks in improved openness of information interrelated to this stimulation ( Mandel and Johnson, 2002 ) . There are three types of priming that are considered by Grimes and Kitchen ( 2007 ) ; 1-feature priming ( tests the convenience and willingness of the priming information ) , 2-semantic priming ( inspects the likeliness for semantic alterations in built-in memory through the measuring of response times to stimuli subsequent semantically related primes ) and 3-categorical priming ( observes inexplicit associations between categories, for illustration inexplicit attacks to trade names ) .

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ONLINE MARKETING EFFECTIVENESS

Some literatures like ( Rodgers and Thorson, 2000 ) have introduced a theoretical account that consists of a group of factors with an consequence on the processing of on-line selling by the user. Basically they differentiate among the functional and structural basicss in their ads theoretical account. Functional elements relate to the aims of on-line consumers and their activities within the cyberspace set up, that is they revolve around the consumer ( as the consumer is the mark of marketing run ) of the web portal within which selling procedure takes topographic point. Conversely, structural elements of publicities apprehend the ocular visual aspect and agreement of the advertizement, for illustration their location on the show, volume, class ( streamer or a dad up ) , and so on.

The impact of continuance for which a page is viewed was recognized as a chief factor act uponing trade name callback in the survey described in ( Danaher and Mullarkey, 2003 ) ; more exactly, if the user views a page for a notable sum of clip, it is more likely that he or she would retrieve the content of page and the context of advertizement. In the same research work, the impact of other factors, such as background denseness, was acknowledged as irrelevant, while the user sing manner ( purposive vs. exploratory ) proved to act upon ad callback, i.e. It was less likely that the consumers in purposive manner would retrieve the context of ad they had been demoing to. Similar findings were collected by the research of Dahlen ( 2002 ) , where type of the merchandise ( functional vs. expressive ) and sum of exposure were found to majorly affect consumer reaction as quantified in footings of CTR. In our survey, we implicitly deem the user screening manner through the scrutiny of the undertaking of user ‘s on-line activity on selling effectivity. The function of merchandise type and figure of exposures is out of the range of this thesis.

The influence of streamer ad ; s design elements ( coloring material, life, subject, etc ) and the footings of motive through the advertisement message on the achieved CTR were explored in the work of ( Lohtia et al. , 2003 ) . The research work distinguished among Business-to-Consumer ( B2C ) and Business-to-Business ( B2B ) advertizements. It was realized that motives have a negative impact on CTR. The being of sentiments was acknowledged to hold a constructive impact on the CTR of B2C ads and a destructive affect for B2B streamer advertizements. Moderate degree of coloring material resulted in the optimum CTR public presentation. Another research presented facts on the impact of the type of advertisement content on user penetrations refering the personal appeal of the web pages ( McCoy et al. , 2007 ) . Consumers emerged well more annoyed by the pushful nature of pop-up and pop-under type of ads in contrast to the inline ads. Besides, client revealed higher trade name callback degrees when the ad content was similar to the website content. Another survey emphasized on the layout of on-line selling exposed diverse consumer behaviors towards ad layouts, e.g. consumers supposed pop-ups as more irritating and skyscraper ads as more helpful ( Burns and Lutz, 2006 ) .

Business MODELS IN E-COMMERCE

As it has been elaborated earlier in this subdivision, the construct of electronic commercialism on the cyberspace has become a important manner of making concern. Some of the concern theoretical accounts are enlisted and explained in the undermentioned text and are taken from ( Paul Timmers, 1998 ) :

E-Shops, Third Party Market Place, Virtual Communities, Value-Chain Service Provider, E-Auctions, B2C, B2B

Associated Issues: Pricing Concerns

Flexible Pricing Methodology

Personalization

Auctions

Promotions

Gross saless

Monetary value Differentiation

Dynamic Pricing

Determining appropriate Monetary values

Advantages of Flexible Pricing

For Companies

For Consumers

Customer Relationship Management

Web Portal Design/ Accessibility

Drumhead