3.1 Introduction

This chapter gives an overview on the research methods, informations aggregation, trying methods, trying scheme such as mark population and sample size, questionnaire design and information analysis used in this survey so as to obtain relevant informations and consequences to run into the purposes and aims of this survey.

3.2 Research Methods

Research methods characterize the tools of the line of work and offer the ways for roll uping, set uping and researching information so as to get to some decisions. Research methods can be qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is a research attack that hunt for to accomplish comprehensive apprehension of a topic or the drive issues behind a behavior utilizing uncontrolled patterns that give rise to decisions based on relevant informations. Quantitative research on the other manus, is a first-hand probe that utilizes a controlled environment, figures, computational systems and arithmetic to come to decisions based on natural informations. In this survey, both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to acquire appropriate informations to the survey. The tabular array 3.2.1 shows the different illustrations of qualitative and quantitative methods and the tabular array 3.2.2 shows the differences between both methods.

Table 3.2.1 shows the illustrations of quantitative and qualitative methods

Beginning: Spratt.C et al. , 2004.

Table 3.2.2 shows the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods

Beginning: Jones and Barlett Learing.

3.3 Data aggregation

For this research, two types of informations were gathered, viz. primary and secondary informations.

3.3.1 Primary informations

Primary informations are original and first-hand information beginnings from which informations that could non be collected antecedently are straight collected by the research worker. However, in this survey, the primary information was collected through interviews with the employees of Orange stores and station offices, observations carried out at Mauritius Telecom and questionnaires distributed to the Mauritanian population, Orange stores and station offices. Table 3.3.1.1 shows the methods of primary informations aggregation beginnings used including its advantages and disadvantages.

Table 3.3.1.1 shows the methods, advantages and disadvantages of primary informations.

Methods

Advantages

Disadvantages

Interviews

Interview is defined as a two manner organized conversation between the betrayer and research worker, hence commenced for garnering relevant information for the survey.

Considered as a good method to roll up in-depth attitudes, beliefs and anecdotal information from single frequenters.

More elaborate and richer responses can be elicited through personal contact with the participants.

Represent a superb chance to reexamine and detect inquiries.

There is no demand for the participants to read and compose to react to the inquiries.

For carry oning the interviews, it is necessary to hold a quiet environment or country.

Staffs ‘ clip is required.

To record and compose down interviews, particular equipment may be needed.

Observation

Observation is defined as the organized observation of a precise happening in its appropriate state of affairs or the specific intent of roll uping informations for the related survey.

Considered as a good attack to see and analyse different behaviours.

Indexs of the consequence of the plan are provided.

When there are discernible merchandises and results, observation is considered as a good method.

To detect and enter observations, staff clip is required.

During observations, participants can non be asked inquiries.

For verifying observations, there might be need of follow up interviews to be used.

Questionnaires

Questionnaire is defined as the list of inquiries to be asked to respondents to garner information to be used for the survey.

Easy to analyse

Familiar to most people

Reduce prejudice

Less insensitive than telephone or face to confront interviews

Very cost effectual

Possibility of low response rates

Inability to examine responses

Allow small flexibleness to respondents

Some questionnaires are non suited to a class of people.

Beginning: Joan.C and Karen.E, 2005 ; Statpac, 2012.

Secondary informations

Secondary informations are collected from beginnings incorporating informations that have been used for another intent. For this survey, secondary information was collected from text editions, diaries, newspapers, Internet, E-journals and records of public and private sector. Secondary informations makes informations aggregation more accurate and supports in better apprehension of the job.

Sampling methods

Sampling method is the technique utilized for taking the sample members from a population. During the choice procedure, there is a demand for extinguishing prejudice by taking appropriate sampling methods. This can enable cost decrease and lesser attempt in roll uping the samples. Sampling methods can be classified as either chance and non- chance as shown in table 3.4.1.

Table 3.4.1 shows the illustrations of different trying methods

Probability trying methods

Non-probability sampling methods

Simple random sampling- each member of the population has an equal opportunity of being selected and each choice is wholly independent of the following.

Convenience sampling- the nearest respondents are chosen.

Systematic planning- from a population list, topics are selected in a systematic mode.

Snowball sampling- a little figure of persons holding the features the research worker is interested in is identified.

Stratified sampling-the population is divided into homogeneous group where each group of topics has similar features for e.g. males and females.

Volunteer sampling- the research worker depends on voluntaries such as friends of friends or personal friends and others.

Cluster sampling- a geographically close bunch is sample for e.g. choosing a specific figure of schools and proving the pupils.

Theoretical sampling- without holding informations suiting the theory, a theoretical account in the state of affairs is created.

Phase sampling-sample is collected in phases, for e.g. taking samples from samples.

Multiphase sampling- the choice of sample might be based on different standard stages.

Beginning: Cohen.L et al. , 2007

In this survey, there has been employment of three types of trying methods viz. simple random sampling, convenience sampling and sweet sand verbena sampling. Simple random sampling was used to choose members of the population followed by sweet sand verbena trying whereby the member identified and suggested other member of the population to make full the questionnaire so that the sample size can be met. Simple random and convenience sampling was used to choose Orange stores and station offices to reply the interview-based questionnaires to cognize how they manage the nomadic phone wastes after aggregation and what policies they have put in topographic point for nomadic phones. Finally, snowball sampling was besides used to place other employees of the Orange stores and station offices until all the 10 questionnaires were filled.

Sampling Scheme

Target population and sample size

Target population refers to the whole bunch of individuals or objects to which research workers are concerned in generalising the decisions. Target populations are limited in size. Sample size is the figure of observations or units used for ciphering estimations of a given population. For this survey, the whole population of Mauritian mobile phone endorsers was targeted. the sample size was calculated utilizing the Raosoft sample size reckoner with assurance degree of 95 % . From the trying frame of 1.27 million of nomadic phone users for a population of 1.3 in Mauritius, a sample size of 385 was obtained. The border mistake produced for the sample size of 385 is 4.95 % . Along with the Mauritanian population of nomadic phone users, 5 Orange stores and 5 station offices were chosen to be surveyed and interviewed.

Questionnaire design

Questionnaires are the lone operable agencies to hold on a big figure of referees to allow statistically analysis of the consequences. If a questionnaire is ill designed, participants will be discouraged, therefore cut downing the response rates and supplying useless and confusing information. While a well-designed questionnaire will promote participants to reply the inquiries wholly and exactly so as to obtain the information which will be farther analyzed to bring forth existent cognition. However, for this survey, the questionnaire was designed harmonizing to the aims. Three set of questionnaires were designed whereby each consisting of stopping point ended, unfastened ended and contingency inquiries.

Pre-testing

Before finalizing and administering the questionnaires, 5 questionnaires were given to 5 members of the populace for pre-testing. The people were wavering to reply the inquiries and they had the trouble in understanding the inquiries. Hence the questionnaire was reset with more simpler and apprehensible inquiries before administering once more.

3.7 Data analysis

After all the respondents have completed the questionnaires, the informations that have been gathered from these questionnaires, interviews and observation will be needed to be assessed and analyzed in the following chapter. SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Science ) and Microsoft Excel 2010 will be used for roll uping and construing the information which will be so represented by descriptive statistics.

Validity and dependability of informations

Validity and dependability refers to the quality of a research which makes it true and precise by usage of scientific methods which farther make the research sensible and satisfactory. Using primary informations improves the cogency and dependability of informations obtained from the mark population sample.

3.9 Restrictions and restraints

The staffs at orange stores, station offices and Mauritius Telecom had clip restraints.

Inaccessibility of needed individual at Orange stores and station offices for replying the interview-based questionnaires.

Permission to make observation and interview at Mauritius Telecom was taking clip to acquire answer.

Cost of going for acquiring the questionnaires filled.

Some people were loath to reply the questionnaires.

Chapter FOUR: Consequence AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Questionnaire informations analysis set for public

4.1.1 Number of nomadic phones

Figure 4.1.1

The above consequence shows the figure of nomadic phones being used by the users. 44.42 % of the respondents use merely one Mobile phone, 41.56 % of the respondents use two nomadic phones and 11.69 % of the respondents use 3 nomadic phones. The figure of respondents utilizing 4 and 5 nomadic phones is the least, 2.08 % and 0.26 % severally.

4.1.2 Replacement of nomadic phones

Figure 4.1.2

About all the respondents stated that they do replace their nomadic phones and assorted grounds for replacing nomadic phones were obtained. The most fecund grounds given for replacing nomadic phones are broken ( 32.5 % ) followed by desire for more sophisticated and smart phones ( 13.5 % ) and manner ( 11.4 % ) .

4.1.3 Number of fresh nomadic phones kept at place

Figure 4.1.3

All the respondents reported to hold stockpiled fresh nomadic phones at place. The bulk figure of fresh nomadic phones kept at place is 2 ( 25.19 % ) and 3 ( 23.12 % ) .

4.1.4 Gender of the respondents

Figure 4.1.4

Among the respondents, 52.47 % were male while 47.53 % were female.

4.1.5 Age

Figure 4.1.5

The line graph demonstrates the age group among the respondents who filled the questionnaires.

4.1.6 Fresh nomadic phones stockpiled and gender

Figure 4.1.6

The above bunch saloon chart displays the distribution of fresh nomadic phones kept by both males and females. I can be noted that females stockpile 1 to 3 nomadic phones ( 24 % , 30.6 % and 29.5 % severally ) and males stockpile 4 ( 30.2 % ) to 5+ ( 17.8 % ) Mobile phones.

4.1.7 Fresh kept nomadic phones and age

Figure 4.1.7

From the consequences obtained from the stacked saloon chart, it has been found that those respondents who stockpile 5+ nomadic phones autumn in the age of 26-35 ( count: 20 ) and & lt ; 25 ( count: 15 ) . Respondents of age 26-35 ( count: 22 ) and & lt ; 25 ( count: 17 ) stockpiled 4 nomadic phones. For carrying 3 nomadic phones, age of 26-35 and & lt ; 25 ( count: 36 and 25 severally ) were found to be the most ; 1 and 2 nomadic phones were stockpiled among age group of & lt ; 25 the most with regard to number 19 and 32 as summarized in the above graph.

4.1.8 Reasons for maintaining fresh Mobile phones

Figure 4.1.8

Those respondents who reported having fresh nomadic phones cited several grounds for carrying fresh nomadic phones as presented in the above figure. The most abundant grounds obtained are keep as spare/back up ( 36.1 % ) along with bash non cognize what to make with the phone ( 19.7 % ) and emotional fond regard ( 12.7 % ) .

4.1.9 Methods of disposing unwanted nomadic phones

Figure 4.1.9

The above pie chart summarizes the methods used to dispose most recent unwanted nomadic phones and 76.88 % of the respondents indicated that they do non dispose their unwanted nomadic phones, 10 % spring to person as gift while 6 % throw in the general waste.

A correlativity trial was done to find the relationship between two variables viz. , figure of disposal of unwanted nomadic phones and gender.

H0: no relationship between disposal of unwanted nomadic phones and gender.

H1: relationship between disposal of unwanted nomadic phones and gender.

Table 4.1.1 shows the correlativity between disposal of unwanted nomadic phones and gender.

Gender

Disposal of recent phones

Gender

Pearson Correlation

1

-.041

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.425

Nitrogen

385

385

Disposal of recent phones

Pearson Correlation

-.041

1

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.425

Nitrogen

385

385

Hence, H1 is rejected with a Pearson Correlation of -0.041 and sig. value of 0.425 which shows that there is no relationship between disposal of unwanted nomadic phones and gender.

4.1.10 Buy new nomadic phones even if the older 1 is still working

Figure 4.1.10

The consequences obtained from the above insertion show that 53.77 % of the respondents sometimes buy new nomadic phones even of the older 1 is still working while 35.06 % of them stated they ne’er buy and 11.17 % of them ever buy new nomadic phones.

4.1.11 Features when purchasing Mobile phones

Figure 4.1.11

A assortment of replies were provided to cognize which features the respondents look when purchasing nomadic phones and it was noted that most of them look for trade name name ( 24.4 % ) and lastingness ( 16.4 % ) .

4.1.12 Awareness on local programmes/activities for nomadic phones

Figure 4.1.12

51.43 % of the respondents are cognizant of the local programmes or activities in Orange stores and station offices while 48.57 % of them are non cognizant.

4.1.13 Awareness on aggregation system in Orange stores and station offices

Figure 4.1.13

It can be noted from the above figure that 52.21 % of the respondents are cognizant and 47.47 % are non cognizant of the aggregation system in Orange stores and station offices.

4.1.14 Awareness of aggregation system in Orange stores and station offices and age

Figure 4.1.14

From the consequence obtained, it can be seen that the respondents were both cognizant and unaware of the presence of the aggregation system.

4.1.15 Use of aggregation system

Figure 4.1.15

From the study it can be seen that merely 8.83 % of the respondents have of all time used the aggregation system and those who have non used, 22.60 % of them are willing to give nomadic phones. Among the staying respondents, 41.30 % are non at all willing and 27.27 % are non really willing to utilize the aggregation system to dispose their nomadic phones.

4.1.16 Use of aggregation system and age

Figure 4.1.16

The graph summarises the age group ‘s willingness to give their nomadic phones for recycling. It is observed that:

Age of & lt ; 25 ( 50.9 % ) , 26-35 ( 42.4 % ) , 36-45 ( 36.9 % ) , 46-55 ( 38.8 % ) and 55+ ( 15.4 % ) are non at all willing to give their nomadic phones for aggregation.

Age of & lt ; 25 ( 28.7 % ) , 26-35 ( 31.4 % ) , 36-45 ( 34.5 % ) , 46-55 ( 10.2 % ) and 55+ ( 11.5 % ) are non really willing to utilize the aggregation system.

Age of 55+ ( 53.8 % ) and 46-55 ( 36.7 % ) are found to be willing to give their nomadic phones despite non holding used the aggregation system while those repondents who have of all time used the aggregation system autumn in the age of 46-55 ( 14.3 % ) and 55+ ( 19.2 % ) .

4.1.17 Salary

Figure 4.1.17

The saloon chart shows the salary scope among the respondents.

4.1.18 Use of aggregation system and wage

Figure 4.1.18

From this study, it can be seen that the highest proportion of both low income and high income are either non really willing or non at all willing to give their nomadic phones for aggregation.

4.1.19 Preferred strategies for nomadic phones

Figure 4.1.19

Among the strategies for nomadic phone disposals, the sedimentation refund system and recycling enterprises were most preferred by the respondents, 59.74 % and 27.79 % severally.

4.1.20 Preferred strategies and age

Figure 4.1.20

It can be seen from the above consequence that sedimentation refund system was most preferred by all age groups compared to other strategies.

4.1.21 Willingness to pay for environment friendly phones

Figure 4.1.21

From the above consequence it can be clearly seen that 61.56 % of the respondents are willing and 38.44 % of them are non willing to pay for environment friendly phones.

4.1.22 Awareness on nomadic phone wastes

Figure 4.1.22

The consequence shows that among the respondents, 43.12 % know what is nomadic phone wastes and 56.88 % are non cognizant of nomadic phone wastes.

4.1.23Awareness on discarded Mobile phones

Figure 4.1.23

The insertion graph indicates that 47.01 % of the respondents are non cognizant of what happens to fling nomadic phones, 38.18 % province that Mobile are recycled in another state and the least, 9.87 % , 4.42 % , 0.52 % of them answered sent to the landfill, resold and resold asset recycled in another state severally.

4.1.24 Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

Figure 4.1.24

From the consequence above, it can be noted that 76.56 % of the participants aware on the presence of toxic chemicals in nomadic phones and 23.44 % of them are non cognizant.

4.1.25 Reasons for maintaining nomadic phone wastes from landfills & A ; environment

Figure 4.1.25

Among the assorted replies given for grounds of maintaining nomadic phones wastes from the lanfills and environment, 36.4 % of the participants province that they are unsafe wellness, 10.4 % of them province thatHazardous substances leach into waterways, Dangerous to human wellness, Air emanations of toxic substances, Destroy fish and vegetation and 18.7 % of them do n’t cognize the grounds.

4.1.26 Awareness on recycling of nomadic phone wastes

Figure 4.1.26

73.25 % of the participants are cognizant that nomadic phone wastes can be recycled while 26.75 % of them are non cognizant.

4.1.27 Health hazards associated with nomadic phones and wastes

Figure 4.1.27

The most common wellness hazards given by the respondents are: –

24 % for encephalon tumour

23 % for malignant neoplastic disease

17 % for do n’t cognize

15 % for malignant neoplastic disease and encephalon tumours

4.1.28 Highest degree of instruction

Figure 4.1.28

The saloon chart gives an overall indicant of the degree of instruction among the respondents.

A correlativity trial was done to place if there is a relationship between two variables viz. , instruction degree and consciousness of aggregation system.

H0: no relationship between instruction degree and consciousness of aggregation system.

H1: relationship between instruction degree and consciousness of aggregation system.

Table 4.1.2 shows the correlativity between instruction degree and consciousness of aggregation system.

Highest degree of instruction

Awareness on aggregation system in Orange stores & A ; station offices

Highest degree of instruction

Pearson Correlation

1

-.172

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.001

Nitrogen

385

385

Awareness on aggregation system in Orange stores & A ; station offices

Pearson Correlation

-.172

1

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.001

Nitrogen

385

385

The two variables are negatively correlated.

A correlativity trial was done to prove if there is presence of a relationship between two variables viz. , instruction degree and consciousness of toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones.

H0: no relationship between instruction degree and consciousness of toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones.

H1: relationship between instruction degree and consciousness of toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones.

Table 4.1.3 shows the correlativity between instruction degree and consciousness of toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones.

Highest degree of instruction

Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

Highest degree of instruction

Pearson Correlation

1

-.145

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.004

Nitrogen

385

384

Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

Pearson Correlation

-.145

1

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.004

Nitrogen

384

384

H0 is rejected as there is negative correlativity with a sig. ( 2-tailed ) value of 0.004 which shows a important association between instruction degree and consciousness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones.

In add-on a Chi-square trial and cross tabular matter was done to prove if there is a relationship between instruction and consciousness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones.

Table 4.1.4 shows the Chi-square trial between instruction and consciousness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

Value

df

Asymp. Sig. ( 2-sided )

Pearson Chi-Square

18.206a

9

.033

Likelihood Ratio

21.785

9

.010

Linear-by-Linear Association

11.410

1

.001

N of Valid Cases

385

a. 8 cells ( 40.0 % ) have expected count less than 5. The lower limit expected count is.48.

Table 4.1.5 shows the crosstabulation between instruction and consciousness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

Entire

Yes

No

Highest degree of instruction

CPE

Count

4

8

12

% within Highest degree of instruction

33.3 %

66.7 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

1.4 %

8.9 %

3.1 %

% of Entire

1.0 %

2.1 %

3.1 %

School Certificate

Count

28

12

40

% within Highest degree of instruction

70.0 %

30.0 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

9.5 %

13.3 %

10.4 %

% of Entire

7.3 %

3.1 %

10.4 %

Higher School Certificate

Count

76

20

96

% within Highest degree of instruction

79.2 %

20.8 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

25.9 %

22.2 %

25.0 %

% of Entire

19.8 %

5.2 %

25.0 %

Diploma

Count

83

28

111

% within Highest degree of instruction

74.8 %

25.2 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

28.2 %

31.1 %

28.9 %

% of Entire

21.6 %

7.3 %

28.9 %

Bachelor grade

Count

78

17

95

% within Highest degree of instruction

82.1 %

17.9 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

26.5 %

18.9 %

24.7 %

% of Entire

20.3 %

4.4 %

24.7 %

Master grade

Count

17

5

22

% within Highest degree of instruction

77.3 %

22.7 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

5.8 %

5.6 %

5.7 %

% of Entire

4.4 %

1.3 %

5.7 %

Technical

Count

3

0

3

% within Highest degree of instruction

100.0 %

.0 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

1.0 %

.0 %

.8 %

% of Entire

.8 %

.0 %

.8 %

Post alumnus grade

Count

1

0

1

% within Highest degree of instruction

100.0 %

.0 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

.3 %

.0 %

.3 %

% of Entire

.3 %

.0 %

.3 %

CCNA certification

Count

1

0

1

% within Highest degree of instruction

100.0 %

.0 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

.3 %

.0 %

.3 %

% of Entire

.3 %

.0 %

.3 %

ACCA making

Count

3

0

3

% within Highest degree of instruction

100.0 %

.0 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

1.0 %

.0 %

.8 %

% of Entire

.8 %

.0 %

.8 %

Entire

Count

294

90

384

% within Highest degree of instruction

76.6 %

23.4 %

100.0 %

% within Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

% of Entire

76.6 %

23.4 %

100.0 %

From the qi square trial tabular array, it can be noted that there is a relationship between instruction and consciousness on aggregation system with an associated P value of 0.033. Hence H0 is rejected.

From the cross tabular matter, it can be seen that there is a relationship between instruction and consciousness on aggregation system. For case, those respondents holding Bachelor grade ( 82.1 % ) and Master degree ( 77.3 % ) are more likely to be cognizant on the aggregation system compared to those holding CPE ( 66.7 % ) are incognizant of the system.

A correlativity trial was done to verify if there is an association between two variables viz. , instruction degree and consciousness of wellness hazards.

H0: no relationship between instruction degree and consciousness of wellness hazards.

H1: relationship between instruction degree and consciousness of wellness hazards.

Table 4.1.6 shows the correlativity between instruction degree and consciousness of wellness hazards.

Highest degree of instruction

Health hazards associated with nomadic phones and wastes

Highest degree of instruction

Pearson Correlation

1

-.015

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.771

Nitrogen

385

385

Health hazards associated with nomadic phones and wastes

Pearson Correlation

-.015

1

Sig. ( 2-tailed )

.771

Nitrogen

385

385

H1 is rejected as the sig. ( 2-tailed ) value of 0.771 is greater than 0.05 demoing no relationship between instruction degree and consciousness on wellness hazards.

Factor analysis

Factor analysis was conducted to find the correlativity between assorted factors which affect the cognition and disposal of nomadic phones. In this survey factor analysis corroborates the measurement instruments used.

Table 4.1.7 shows the Entire Variance Explained

Component

Initial Eigenvalues

Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings

Entire

% of Discrepancy

Cumulative %

Entire

% of Discrepancy

Cumulative %

1

2.384

10.835

10.835

2.384

10.835

10.835

2

2.173

9.879

20.714

2.173

9.879

20.714

3

1.652

7.511

28.226

1.652

7.511

28.226

4

1.402

6.372

34.598

1.402

6.372

34.598

5

1.279

5.813

40.411

1.279

5.813

40.411

6

1.185

5.384

45.795

1.185

5.384

45.795

7

1.097

4.988

50.783

1.097

4.988

50.783

8

1.073

4.875

55.658

1.073

4.875

55.658

9

1.023

4.649

60.307

1.023

4.649

60.307

10

.940

4.273

64.580

11

.903

4.106

68.685

12

.849

3.861

72.546

13

.833

3.785

76.331

14

.808

3.671

80.002

15

.705

3.204

83.206

16

.661

3.004

86.210

17

.625

2.839

89.049

18

.608

2.763

91.812

19

.556

2.528

94.340

20

.521

2.368

96.709

21

.432

1.965

98.674

22

.292

1.326

100.000

Extraction Method: Chief Component Analysis.

Table 4.1.8 shows the Rotated Component Matrixa

Component

1

2

3

Salary

.651

.323

Unused nomadic kept at place

.628

Number of nomadic phones

.611

Highest degree of instruction

.516

-.300

Gender

-.499

-.304

Buy new nomadic phones if older one still working

-.493

Replace nomadic phones

.418

Awareness on nomadic phone wastes

.640

Awareness on local programmes/activities for nomadic phones

.593

Awareness on aggregation system in Orange stores & A ; station offices

.535

Recycling nomadic phone wastes

.531

Awareness on toxic chemicals present in nomadic phones

.497

Wage for environment friendly phones

.366

Preferred strategies for nomadic phones

-.331

Reasons for maintaining nomadic phone wastes from landfills & A ; environment

Reasons for maintaining fresh phones

Age

.577

Disposal of recent phones

.529

Ever used the aggregation system

-.509

Features when purchasing Mobile phones

.454

Awareness on discarded Mobile phones

-.450

Health hazards associated with nomadic phones and wastes

Extraction Method: Chief Component Analysis.

Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

a. Rotation converged in 4 loops.

For proving the significance of the factor analysis a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of sampling and Bartlett ‘s trial of sphericalness was used for finding the correlativity grade among the variables. It can be noted that the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value is 0.6 ( a‰?0.6 ) and Bartlett important value is 0.00 ( less than 0.05 ) , hence it is appropriate to carry on the factor analysis.

Principle constituents analysis with Varimax rotary motion was piloted. As shown in table 4.1.7, factors with Eigen values greater than 1 were extracted, i.e. 9 factors were extracted. A Scree secret plan was created based upon which a revolved constituent matrix tabular array was generated with Kaiser Normalisation. Merely 3 factors were extracted for analysis. It consists of all laden factors where those factor burdens lower than 0.3 are considered as low and factors burdens above 0.4 are considered as high burdens.

From table 4.1.8, it can be noted that salary through replace nomadic phone loaded strongly on constituent 1, consciousness on nomadic phone wastes through preferred strategies loaded strongly on constituent 2 and eventually age through consciousness on discarded nomadic phones loaded strongly on constituent 3. Hence it can be concluded that there is a correlativity between the variables with the constituent which obstructs the consciousness and proper disposal of nomadic phone wastes. In add-on the variables such as grounds for maintaining nomadic phone wastes from landfills & A ; environment, grounds for maintaining fresh phones and wellness hazards associated with nomadic phones and wastes do non hold any burdens on any of the constituents and can be assumed that there is no correlativity between them and the other variables.

Chapter FIVE: Discussion

Consumption of nomadic phones

As indicated by Osibanjo.O and Williams.I ( 2008 ) , the figure of nomadic phones and its accoutrements is turning. From this study, it can be observed that the tendency towards utilizing more than one nomadic phone is increasing. 41.56 % of the respondents use 2 nomadic phones as a consequence of Mobile phone going more and more indispensable presents. A similar study conducted by Castells.M et Al ( 2007 ) revealed that nomadic phone use has spread quickly and is assumed to be an built-in portion of modern life. Furthermore, during the interview with Orange stores, it was discovered that nomadic phone is the most sold electronic device and new theoretical accounts of nomadic phones are placed in the stores every 1 to 2 old ages to replace old theoretical accounts. It was besides found that the highest proportion of clients purchasing new nomadic phones were those of high income degree. Hansman.R et Al ( 2006 ) and Rani.B et Al ( 2012 ) besides postulated that 80 % of new nomadic phones are being purchased and replaced.

Replacement of nomadic phones

The most fecund grounds for replacing nomadic phones obtained in this study are broken, desire for more sophisticated and smart Mobile phones and manner. However, a study done by NOKIA ( 2005 ) , Bains.N et Al ( 2006 ) and Palm ( 2010 ) reported that more nomadic phones were replaced due to grounds of manner and manner, betterment from web operator and desire for elongated battery life. During this study, ascent from web operator and elongated battery life were non among the most common grounds. Furthermore, BASEL/MPPI ( 2004 ) and Bains.N et Al ( 2006 ) indicated that users tend to replace their nomadic phones before they stop working due to new and improved engineering along with manner desirableness of nomadic phones. However, in this survey, it can be noted that 53.77 % of the respondents sometimes buy new nomadic phones even if the older nomadic phone is still working. Furthermore, Bains.N et Al ( 2006 ) argued that new engineering has presented new trade names of nomadic phones holding more maps in the market. It is revealed in this survey that respondents expression for trade name name and lastingness as the most selected characteristics when purchasing nomadic phones.

Stockpilation of fresh nomadic phones

Consequences obtained from the study indicated that about all the respondents stockpile their fresh nomadic phones at place. This has been confirmed by Nnorom.I ( 2009 ) where he stated that along with coevals of big figure of nomadic phones, there is high storage of nomadic phones. In a study done by Ongondo.F and Williams ( 2011 ) , it was revealed that female shop 1 and 2 fresh nomadic phones while male shop 3, 5 and more fresh Mobile phones. However, this study denoted that female reserve 1, 2 and 3 fresh phones while male stockpile 4 and more than 5 fresh nomadic phones. Furthermore, another survey conducted by Netimperative ( 2010 ) concluded that age of 25 to 34 were the highest aggregators of fresh nomadic phones. In this survey, the chief aggregators of fresh nomadic phones were those of age & lt ; 25 and 26 to 35. From the point of views of Ongondo.F and Williams.I ( 2011 ) , there are many grounds for carrying including backup French telephone, emotional fond regard, damaged nomadic phones and the idea that nomadic phones in ownership will be of small or no pecuniary value if traded or given away. Furthermore, another similar survey conducted by Finlay.A ( 2005 ) , Hicks et Al ( 2005 ) and Osibanjo.O and Williams.I ( 2008 ) , it was brought up that there are some consumers who become really emotionally attached to the nomadic phones due to its existent value. However, the most common grounds reported in this survey were trim or endorse up, do non cognize what to make with the phone and emotional fond regard. Hence these grounds hinder the determinations of the people to give away their fresh nomadic phones for aggregation and recycling.

Methods of disposing fresh nomadic phones

In the questionnaire, few methods of disposal of fresh phones consisting do non dispose, give person as gift, throw off in the general waste, sell to individual/company and direct for recycling were proposed. From this study, 76.88 % of the respondents indicated that they do non dispose their fresh nomadic phones while merely 6 % of them directed that they dispose in the general waste. This was supported by Most.E ( 2003 ) and Skerlos.S et Al ( 2003 ) who mentioned that fresh nomadic phones are either kept in shortss at place or they are in conclusion thrown in the family rubbish. This confirms that due to miss of consciousness, people do non follow the appropriate agencies of disposing fresh nomadic phones and because of the grounds given for carrying, many people do non dispose their nomadic phones.

Policies and consciousness of local programmes/ activities and aggregation system in Orange stores and station offices.

The policy plan put in topographic point in Orange stores and station offices is “ Je recycle les Mobiles et lupus erythematosuss hemorrhoids ” . During the interview at both Orange stores and station offices, it was observed that there was presence of little foldaway composition board boxes used for roll uping nomadic phones and they were seeable to every client. All the employees in Orange stores are made cognizant of the present policy through initiation, preparation and on the occupation while those in station offices are made cognizant through initiation and on the occupation. In this survey, it can be clearly seen that 51.43 % of the respondents were cognizant and 48.57 % were non cognizant of the local programmes/ activities that have been put in topographic point in Mauritius for nomadic phones. It was besides found that 52.21 % of the respondents were cognizant and 47.47 % were non cognizant of the aggregation system in topographic point in Orange stores and station offices. However, as argued by Rani.B et Al ( 2012 ) , many people are non cognizant of the benefits of the aggregation system and recycling. Hence they do non utilize these systems to dispose their nomadic phones. In another survey done by Netimperative ( 2010 ) in UK, it has been found that 75 % were non cognizant of the available strategies and the people of younger coevals are more cognizant of nomadic phone take back strategies or aggregation strategies compared to those of older groups. On the other manus, in this survey, it was noted that respondents of younger age were more cognizant on the aggregation system in Orange stores and station offices compared to those of older age.

Use of aggregation system

Rani.B et Al ( 2012 ) postulated that despite the presence of aggregation system, people are at all times loath and unwilling to give their nomadic phones for recycling, therefore minimising the aggregation rate. This can be validated in this survey where the staffs of Orange stores and station offices identified that the aggregation rate for nomadic phones in every section is comparatively low. The consequences from the study revealed that 41.30 % and 27.27 % are non willing to give their nomadic phones while merely 8.8 % of the respondents have really used the aggregation system. In another survey conducted by Tonglet.M et Al ( 2004 ) and Wong.Z et Al ( 2011 ) , it was argued that older people are more apt to take part in nomadic phone recycling plan to a larger extent than younger coevalss. However, from the study, it was noted that respondents of age between 46 and 55 and more than 55 old ages were more willing to give their nomadic phones despite ne’er holding used the aggregation system and those age group who have of all time used the aggregation system was found to be more than 55 old ages. As indicated by Darby.L and Obara.I ( 2005 ) , people with low flat income barely take portion in recycling plans while those with high income degree are normally more willing to take part in recycling plans. However, this survey revealed that the fact that people of both low and high income degree are non willing to give their nomadic phones for aggregation and recycling. From the interview done at Orange stores and station offices, it was found that they collect merely fresh and broken nomadic phones instead than reclaimable or working nomadic phones. Orange stores besides collect batteries, lead phones, earpieces and other accoutrements of nomadic phones. Post offices collect merely batteries apart from nomadic phones. From the observation done in Orange stores and station offices, it was seen that clients normally give their nomadic phones for aggregation merely when it is broken and people really seldom give their whole nomadic phones. The aggregation box contained really few broken pieces of nomadic phones and the boxes take a batch of clip to acquire wholly filled before directing for recycling.

Preferred strategies and willingness to pay for environment friendly nomadic phones

In literature, different types of economic instruments used in different states were mentioned for proper direction of nomadic wastes or E-wastes. However, in Mauritius, the lone policy being adopted is the aggregation system. In order to cognize the sentiment of the public respondents, a inquiry was asked about the most preferable strategies among sedimentation refund system, progress disposal fee, EoL waste direction fees, recycling enterprises and disposal deterrences. Hence, this study reported that sedimentation refund system was the most preferable strategy for the respondents are willing to give their nomadic phones for recycling. 27.79 % besides opted for recycling enterprises as most preferable strategy. It was besides identified that all age groups prefer the sedimentation refund system. From the interview, Orange stores and station offices staffs mentioned that they would prefer advanced disposal fee and recycling enterprises for better direction of nomadic phone wastes. Another inquiry was besides asked on the willingness to pay for environment friendly nomadic phones and 61.56 % agreed which means that the respondents are concerned for the environment.

Awareness on nomadic phone wastes, discarded nomadic phones, toxic chemicals present and recycling of nomadic phones

From the consequences obtained from this study, it was noted that 43.12 % know and 56.88 % do non cognize what mobile phone wastes are. Furthermore, it can be seen that merely 38.18 % of the respondents are cognizant that in Mauritius, discarded nomadic phones are sent for recycling in another state while the others do non cognize truly cognize what happens to fling nomadic phones. In a survey done by Hageluken.C and Corti.C ( 2010 ) , it was postulated that nomadic phones comprise of toxic and valuable stuffs. Furthermore, another similar survey conducted by Finlay.A ( 2005 ) , Hicks et Al ( 2005 ) and Osibanjo.O and Williams.I ( 2008 ) , it was indicated that many consumers are non cognizant of the possible jeopardies which are present in WEEE. However, this survey revealed that 76.56 % are cognizant that nomadic phones do incorporate toxic chemicals. As mentioned by Rani.B et Al ( 2012 ) , if no recycling occurs, there will be loss of valuable metals which could be recovered. However, as interviewed in orange stores, it was stated that most nomadic phones that are sold are reclaimable. In the study, it was reported that 73.25 % of the respondents are cognizant that nomadic phones and wastes can be recycled. Even though they are cognizant, they are still non willing to give their nomadic phones for recycling. From the interview at both Orange stores and station offices, the staffs were non cognizant where the nomadic phones are sent for recycling.

Awareness on environmental impacts of nomadic phones and wastes

For this survey, a assortment of grounds for maintaining nomadic phones and wastes off from the landfill and environment was proposed. The most fecund grounds obtained were unsafe for wellness followed by risky substances leach into waterways, unsafe for human wellness, air emanations of toxic substances and destruct fish and flora. This was corroborated by Pinto.V ( 2008 ) where it was found that nomadic phones wastes can let go of toxic elements and risky stuffs into air, H2O and dirt. These substances can besides bio-accumulate in the nutrient concatenation, destroy fish and vegetation. Another survey done by Osibanjo.O and Nnorom.I ( 2008 ) , Wu.J et Al ( 2008 ) and Tsydenova.O and Bengstsson.M ( 2011 ) pointed that these risky substances can do inauspicious effects on both human wellness and environment. Furthermore, in this survey, it was besides reported that 18.7 % of the respondents are non cognizant of the impacts of nomadic phones and wastes on the environment and human wellness.

Awareness on wellness hazards associated with nomadic phones and wastes

In the literature, a scope of wellness effects caused by different risky components present in nomadic phones and wastes are mentioned. However, the most common wellness effects obtained from the study were encephalon tumours and cancer.17 % of the respondents do non cognize the wellness effects caused by nomadic phones and wastes. This shows that the respondents are merely cognizant of malignant neoplastic disease and encephalon tumours and they do non hold cognition of the other wellness effects associated with nomadic phones and wastes.

Management of nomadic phone wastes

In Orange stores, the wastes of nomadic phones and its accoutrements are collected until the fordable composition board boxes are wholly filled. Equally shortly as the boxes are filled, the responsible individual unload the nomadic phone wastes into a bigger box or larger bag until a conveyance from Mauritius Telecom ( MT ) takes them off to the After Sale Service section in MT tower in Port-Louis. In station offices, whether the aggregation boxes are filled or non, the nomadic phone wastes are sent to the Headquarter in Port-Louis. From the central offices, all nomadic phone wastes obtained from all station offices around Mauritius are put together in boxes or bags and a conveyance from Mauritius Telecom takes them off to the After Sale Service section in MT. In both Orange stores and station offices, the staffs follow administrative and proficient procedures to dispose the nomadic phone wastes. At Mauritius Telecom, from the After Sale Service section, the nomadic phone wastes are sent to the BEM Limited located in Beau-Bassin for leveling. After leveling the nomadic phones into different constituents, they are stocked in containers for directing to recycle in France. However, it is noted that during a twelvemonth, the frequence of exportation is one or twice per twelvemonth.

Chapter Six: RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Recommendations

Appropriate and assorted aggregation systems for a changeless supply of EOL nomadic phones should be recognized to avoid domestic storage and improper disposal of these unwanted phones.

There should be statute laws and agreement for the efficient aggregation of fresh nomadic phones from consumers.

To raise the consciousness of the consumers on recycling and proper disposal of EOL nomadic phones, more environmental enterprises such as instruction, runs and regular advertizements on the importance of recycling and its benefits.

The public citizen can be informed when purchasing new nomadic phones or information included in telephone measures on the importance of recycling and what chemicals are present in nomadic phones.

Economic inducements such as price reductions on new merchandises can be provided to clients in exchange of their old and used nomadic phones.

For an environmentally friendly environment, bargainers and traders should be dynamically involved in retrieving EOL nomadic phones from consumers.

The local authorities should supply different options and locations where consumers can handily drop their EOL Mobile phones such as flats, shopping promenades, composites, Bankss and libraries apart from station offices and schools.

Manufacturers should see the industry of environment friendly phones.

Consumers should be encouraged in the reuse, trade, exchange and merchandising of nomadic phones.

6.2 Decision

As highlighted in the survey, it can be seen that monolithic sum of nomadic phones are kept at place, therefore, retaining the valuable metals which could be recovered through dismantlement and recycling. The behaviour of the people with regard to their use and methods of disposing unwanted nomadic phones has been assessed. From the survey, it was recognized that many people substitute their nomadic phones for grounds of broken, manner and desire for more sophisticated and smart phones. In Mauritius, it was perceived that despite the presence of aggregation systems in Orange stores and station offices, the aggregation rate of nomadic phone wastes is low due to the involuntariness of the people to utilize for disposing their unwanted nomadic phones. Mobile phone waste direction is going an emerging challenge for Mauritius Telecom in order to protect the environment and cut down the wellness hazards associated with improper disposal of nomadic phone wastes. It is alleged that for an effectual Mobile phone waste direction, there is a demand for consumer, corporate and authorities duties to be put accent on, therefore, minimising the effects of nomadic phone wastes on wellness and environment in Mauritius. Furthermore, it is besides believed that execution of policies such as sedimentation refund system, progress disposal fee, End of Life direction fees, recycling enterprises and disposal deterrences can greatly better the aggregation of nomadic phone wastes in Mauritius in order to guarantee a safe environment and wellness.